What is mutual fund?
If you are looking for the best investment option to earn valuable returns to accomplish your long-term goals, there are several options. You can go for fixed deposits, public provident funds, or save your money in a savings account and earn interest over it. However, if you’re looking to have a much higher rate of return than the above options, then one of the most popular forms of investment is the mutual funds. But the important point is One should never invest in Mutual Funds, but should invest through them.
To elaborate, we invest in various investment avenues based on our requirements, e.g. for capital growth - we invest in equity shares, for safety of capital and regular income - we buy fixed income products.
The concern for most investors is: how to know which instruments are best for them?
One may not have enough abilities, time or interest to conduct the research.
To manage investments, one can outsource certain tasks one is unable to do. Anyone can outsource ‘managing one’s investments’ to a professional firm – the Mutual Fund company. Mutual funds offer various avenues to fulfill different objectives, which investors can choose from based on one’s unique situation and objective.
Mutual Fund companies manage all administrative activities including paperwork.
At the end of the NFO period, the money pooled from all the investors are invested in a diversified portfolio of securities according to the scheme's mandate. After the NFO, investors can buy units of open ended schemes from the AMC at prevailing Net Asset Values (NAV). You can also redeem open ended mutual fund schemes at any time at prevailing NAVs. The redemption proceeds will be credited to your bank account on T+3 for equity funds. Investors should note that for redemptions within a certain period of time from investment exit loads may apply.
Different types of mutual funds
There are three broad categories of mutual funds:-
Equity funds:
These mutual fund schemes invest in equity and equity related securities. Equity funds have sub-categories based on the market cap segments, where the scheme may primarily invest in e.g. large cap, large and midcap, midcap, small cap, multicap, flexicap etc. The primary investment objective of equity funds is capital appreciation.
Debt funds:
These mutual funds schemes invest in debt and money market instruments. Debt funds have sub-categories based on the maturity profiles of the underlying debt or money market instruments e.g. overnight, liquid, ultra-short duration, low duration, short duration, medium duration, long duration etc. The primary investment objective of equity funds is capital appreciation.
Hybrid funds:
These funds invest in both equity and debt securities. They may also invest in other classes like gold, REITs, InvITs etc. The primary investment objective of hybrid funds is asset allocation. Different types of hybrid funds include aggressive hybrid funds, conservative hybrid funds, balanced advantage funds, equity savings etc.
Different fund categories and sub-categories have different risk profiles. Mutual funds provide investment solutions for a wide spectrum of risk appetites and investment needs. Your financial advisor can help you select the right investment option for you.
Taxation of mutual funds
Mutual funds, whose average equity allocation (i.e. where underlying assets are equity and equity related securities) is 65% or more, are treated as equity funds from tax perspective. These include all equity funds and also several hybrid fund categories. Short term capital gains (investment holding period of less than 12 months) in equity funds are taxed at 15%. Long term capital gains (investment holding period of more than 12 months) in equity funds are tax free up to Rs 100,000 and taxed at 10% thereafter. Short term capital gains (investment holding period of less than 36 months) in non equity funds are taxed as per the income tax rate of the investor. Long term capital gains (investment holding period of more than 36 months) in non equity funds are taxed at 20% after allowing for indexation. Investments in mutual fund Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) qualify for deductions under Section 80C.
